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1 control de fuego
• fire clay• fire curtain -
2 стабилизация глин
Русско-английский словарь по нефти и газу > стабилизация глин
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3 метод стабилизации глинистых пород
Русско-английский словарь по нефти и газу > метод стабилизации глинистых пород
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4 метод стабилизации глинистых пород
1) Oil: clay control method2) Oil&Gas technology clay controlУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > метод стабилизации глинистых пород
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5 кварцевая стабилизация
1. crystal control2. quartz-crystal controlРусско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > кварцевая стабилизация
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6 гиросиловая стабилизация
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > гиросиловая стабилизация
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7 стабилизация глин
1) Oil: clay control (в процессе проходки)2) Sakhalin energy glossary: clay inhibition (ТЭО стр.) -
8 метод изоляции глинистых минералов в пласте
oil&gas: clay controlУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > метод изоляции глинистых минералов в пласте
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9 метод стабилизации глинистых минералов в пласте
oil&gas: clay controlУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > метод стабилизации глинистых минералов в пласте
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10 radar za upravljanje paljbom
• fire-clay control radar -
11 блок
(бетонный, песчаника, известняка) brick, assemblage, assembly unit, bank, sheave block, block, box электрон.; вчт., cluster, construction unit, element, organ, structural member, modular unit, module, solid monolith, pack, package, pulley, sheave, slab сил., stack, station, unit* * *блок м.1. ( механизм в форме колеса с жёлобом по окружности) block, pulley2. ( узел машины) unit3. стр. blockавари́йный блок яд. физ. — safety blockавтоно́мный блок вчт. — off-line unitблок аккумуля́торных пласти́н одно́й поля́рности — positive or negative plate groupарифмети́ческий блок вчт. — arithmetic unitбето́нный блок — concrete blockблок вво́да-вы́вода вчт. — input-output unitблок веретена́ текст. — wharve, pulleyвертлю́жный блок — swivel blockвоспринима́ющий блок — sensing unitблок воспроизведе́ния вчт. — reproducing unitблок вы́борки (числа́) вчт. — selection unitблок вы́дачи да́нных — read-out unitблок выделе́ния (сигна́ла) оши́бки — error detectorблок выпускно́го отве́рстия метал. — tap-hole blockвысокочасто́тный блок (передатчика, приёмника) — radio-frequency [r.f., RF] unit, radio-frequency [r.f., RF] sectionвычисли́тельный блок — computing unitблок генера́тор — трансформа́тор — generator-transformer unitблок генера́тор — усили́тель — oscillator-amplifier unitги́псовый блок — gypsum blockги́псовый, перегоро́дочный блок — plaster slabглухо́й блок — dummy blockглухо́й, торцо́вый блок — girder end blockблок горе́лок — burner assemblyблок грузовы́х та́лей — cargo-hoist blockблок да́нных вчт. — data unit, data blockдополня́ть блок да́нных до тре́буемой длины́ (напр. двоичными нулями) — pad a data block with (e. g., binary zeroes)блок да́тчиков — data-transmitter unitблок дви́гателя — engine blockдвойно́й блок — double (sheaved) blockдвушки́вный блок — double (sheaved) blockдиато́мовый блок геол. — diatomaceous blockдифференциа́льный блок — differential blockблок для заполне́ния перекры́тия — filler blockблок дози́рующих кла́панов прок. — metering blockдо́ковый блок — dock blockзадаю́щий блок вчт. — set (up) unitблок заде́ржки1. см. блок запаздывания2. вчт. delay unitзакладно́й блок стр. — blockoutблок замедли́теля ( реактора) — moderator blockблок запа́здывания (для моделирования транспортного запаздывания в системах автоматического управления) — time-delay simulator, time-delay unitзапасно́й блок — spare unitблок за́писей вчт. — record blockкомпонова́ть блок из за́писей — pack a block with recordsразбива́ть блок за́писей на сегме́нты — split a (record) block into segmentsзащи́тный блок стр. — shielding blockзвуково́й блок — sound unit, sound headзвуково́й, магни́тный блок — magnetic sound headблок зу́бчатых колё́с — gear clusterблок имита́ции гистере́зиса — hysteresis unitблок имита́ции зо́ны нечувстви́тельности — dead zone unitблок и́мпульсного генера́тора — pulser boxблок индика́ции — display unitблок информа́ции — information blockисполни́тельный блок — actuating [final-control] unit, actuator; вчт. executive unitка́бельный, многокана́льный блок — multiple-duct conduitка́бельный, моноли́тный блок — monolithic conduitка́бельный, однокана́льный блок — single-duct conduit, one-duct bankкни́жный блок — inner bookблок компенса́ции череду́ющимися возмуще́ниями киб. — posicast compensating sectionконденса́торный блок — gang capacitorконтро́льный блок ( монитор) тлв. — monitor unitблок котё́л — турби́на — single-boiler single-turbine combinationкоте́льный, заводско́й блок — shop-assembled boiler moduleкоте́льный, монта́жный блок — field-assembled boiler moduleлепно́й потоло́чный блок — stucco ceiling blockлито́й блок — slip-cast blockлонг-та́кельный блок — long-tackle blockблок магни́тных голо́вок — head stackблок манипуля́тора — keying unitмногошки́вный блок — multiple (sheaved) blockмно́жительно-дели́тельный блок — multiplier-divider (unit)мо́дульный блок — modular unitблок мозаи́чной структу́ры — mosaic blockблок на грузово́й стреле́ — head blockнакопи́тельный блок ( в запоминающем устройстве) — stackблок намо́точных бараба́нов прок. — winding frameнаправля́ющий блок — lead(ing) blockблок настро́йки1. радио tuner2. автмт. adjusting [setting] unitблок настро́йки анте́нны — aerial [antenna] tuning unitблок настро́йки сопла́ ракет. — nozzle-trim unitнатяжно́й блок — tension blockнеавтоно́мный блок вчт. — on-line unitневосстана́вливаемый блок — “throw-away” unitблок незави́симой переме́нной — independent variable unitнеподви́жный блок стр. — fixed [standing] blockблок обрабо́тки да́нных — processing unitобъё́мный блок стр. — (concrete) box unitобъё́мный, кварти́рный блок — factory-assembled box-formed dwelling unitогнеупо́рный шамо́тный блок — refractory fireclay blockоднопусто́тный блок стр. — unicell blockодношки́вный блок — single(-sheaved) blockоперацио́нный блок — operational unitосновно́й блок ( в системе параллельного резервирования или дублирования) — nonredundant unitотводно́й блок — angle blockоткрыва́ющийся блок стр. — snatch blockблок отрабо́тки магни́тных вариа́ций — magnetic variation unitблок оце́нки — estimation [evaluation] unitблок па́мяти — memory [storage] unitблок па́мяти, бу́ферный — buffer unitблок переключа́телей — gang switchблок пече́й метал. — benchпечно́й блок метал. — furnace blockблок пита́ния1. power [supply] unit2. хим. feeding blockблок плаву́чести мор. — foam buoyancyподви́жный блок — running blockподъё́мный блок ( в отличие от приводного) — load [lifting] blockблок полиспа́ста — tackle blockблок полиспа́ста, ни́жний — hoisting block (of a purchase tackle)блок постоя́нных коэффицие́нтов — scalerбло́ки постоя́нных програ́мм — firmwareприводно́й блок — hauling [operating] blockприё́мно-усили́тельный блок — receiver-amplifier unitблок проби́вки перфока́рт — card punching unitблок прогно́за киб. — prediction unitблок произво́дных автмт. — derivative blockпросто́й блок — single purchaseблок радиотелеметри́ческой за́писи, ка́дровый — histogram recorderблок развё́ртки (осциллоскопа радиолокационного индикатора, электроннолучевой трубки) — брит. time-base circuit, time-base unit; амер. sweep circuit, sweep unitблок, распределя́ющий нагру́зку — distributing blockрегистри́рующий блок — recording unitблок регулиро́вки — adjustment unitрегули́рующий блок — regulating unitрезе́рвный блок — standby unit; ( в системе резервирования) redundant [duplicate] unit, redundant [duplicate] componentреле́йный блок — relay unitру́дный блок — ore blockсво́довый магнези́то-хроми́товый блок — magnesite-chrome roof blockблок свя́зи — coupling unit, couplerблок свя́зи с кана́лом ( в системе передачи данных) — line adapterблок сдви́га — shift unitсдво́енный блок — twin pulley blockселе́кторный блок — strobe unitблок селе́кции и́мпульсов — pulse gating unitсельси́нный блок — synchro unitблок се́точного управле́ния — grid control unitблок синхрониза́ции — synchronizer, timer, timing unitскре́перный блок горн. — scraper blockскулово́й блок мор. — bilge blockсло́жный, кана́тный блок — rope tackleсло́жный, цепно́й блок — chain tackle, chain purchaseслуча́йный блок ( в системах управления) — randomized blockсме́нный блок — plug-in [pluggable] unitсмолодоломи́товый блок — tar-dolomite blockблок согласова́ния анте́нны — aerial-matching [antenna-matching] unit, aerial [antenna] couplerблок сопровожде́ния рлк. — tracking unitблок сравне́ния — comparator (unit)станда́ртный блок — standard unitстекля́нный блок — glass blockстеново́й блок — building blockстеново́й, керами́ческий пустоте́лый блок — clay building tileстеново́й, пустоте́лый блок — hollow building blockстрои́тельный блок — building blockприменя́ть строи́тельные бло́ки под облицо́вку [обкла́дку] — use building blocks for backing up a facing materialстыково́й блок — joint blockсъё́мный блок вчт. — plug-in [pluggable] unitсырцо́вый блок — adobe blockблок телеметри́ческой аппарату́ры — telemetry unitблок трансля́ции — translator unitблок уко́сины, направля́ющий — jib sheaveблок умноже́ния — multiplier (unit)блок управле́ния — control unit, control blockура́новый блок ( ядерного реактора) — slugблок ускори́телей ракет. — boost clusterблок у шпо́ра грузово́й стрелы́ — heel blockблок фазиро́вки анте́нны — aerial [antenna] phasing unitблок фокусиро́вки — focusing blockблок формирова́ния и́мпульсов — pulse shaping [generating] unitблок формирова́ния пусково́го и́мпульса — trigger-pulse generatorблок фототриангуля́ции — (aerial) triangulation block, aeropolygonблок фунда́мента — concrete foundation blockфункциона́льный блок вчт. — functional block, functional unitблок футеро́вки метал. — lining blockхрони́рующий блок радио — clock unitцепно́й блок — chain sheaveблок цепны́х та́лей — chain-hoist blockблок цикло́нов — cyclone batteryцилиндри́ческий, а́нкерный блок — cylindrical blockблок цили́ндров — cylinder blockцифрово́й блок — digital unitблок часто́тной развя́зки — diplexerблок шестерё́н — gear clusterшлакобето́нный блок — slag-concrete [cinder] blockшнурово́й блок ( ручного телефонного коммутатора) — cord pulley weightблок штукату́рки, мая́чный — spacer block -
12 ἐξουσία
ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 104, 810 [Bodm.]) from ἔξεστιν.① a state of control over someth., freedom of choice, right (e.g., the ‘right’ to act, decide, or dispose of one’s property as one wishes: BGU 1158, 13 [9 B.C.] = Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 234, 13 legal t.t., esp. in wills: POxy 272, 13; BGU 183, 25 ἔχειν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐ. τῶν ἰδίων πάντων; PTebt 319, 21.—Sir 30:11) ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν have the right 2 Th 3:9 (Just., D 16, 4). W. inf. foll. (Teles p. 23, 14; 24, 11; Tob 2:13 S; 7:10 S) J 10:18; 1 Cor 9:4ff; Hb 13:10; Rv 13:5; B 4:2. W. obj. gen. foll. (τίς οὖν ἔτι ἔχει μου ἐξουσίαν; Epict. 3, 24, 70; διδόναι ἐξουσίαν τῶν πετεινῶν Did., Gen. 61, 24) εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐ. μετέχουσι 1 Cor 9:12. Also ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς the right to the tree of life Rv 22:14. W. verbs of two constr. ἔχει ἐ. ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος the potter has a right over the clay, to make fr. the same lump Ro 9:21. ἐ. ἔχειν περί τινος (4 Macc 4:5) be at liberty w. regard to a thing (opp. ἀνάγκην ἔχειν) 1 Cor 7:37; cp. 8:9; ἐ. ἐν τ. εὐαγγελίῳ a right in the gospel 9:18. ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐ. ὑπῆρχεν was at your disposal Ac 5:4 (Esth 4:17b; Appian, Liby. 52 §226 ἐν ἐ. εἶναι τί τινι=someth. is at someone’s disposal, is within one’s power).② potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power (on capacity for someth. cp. Did., Gen. 162, 5: ἡ προσαιρέσεως ἐξουσία; cp. 1 Esdr 4:28, 40; 2 Macc 7:16 the king can do what he pleases because he has the capability for doing so) ἡ ἐ. τ. ἵππων ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτῶν ἐστιν Rv 9:19; cp. vs. 3; 13:2, 4; 18:1; Mt 9:8; Ac 8:19. W. inf. foll. to indicate the thing that one is able to do (En 25:4 ἅψασθαι; Diod S 4, 52, 4 ἀμύνασθαι εἶχεν ἐξουσίαν; Mel., P. 104 πάντα κρίνει); ἐκβάλλειν τ. δαιμόνια [b]Mk 3:15. ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τ. γέενναν Lk 12:5; cp. J 1:12; 7:1 v.l.; Rv 9:10; 11:6. W. gen. of the inf. foll. τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων Lk 10:19; ποιεῖν ἐ. exercise power Rv 13:12. ἐ. ἔχειν τινός have power over someone (Epict. 4, 12, 8) GPt 3:7; ἑαυτοῦ IPol 7:3; also ἐ. ἔχειν ἐπί τινος Rv 20:6; cp. AcPl Ha 1, 3. Esp. of God’s power (Theodor. Prodr. 5, 313 ἡ θεῶν ἐ.; Da 4:17; Jos., Ant. 5, 109; 18, 214) Lk 12:5 (cp. 2 Cl 5:4); Ac 1:7; Jd 25; Hs 9, 23, 4. πάντων τ. ἐξουσίαν power over all Hm 4, 1, 11; Hs 9, 28, 8. πᾶσα ἡ ἐ. 5, 7, 3 (En 9:5). τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐ. MPol. 2:1. τέλους ἐ. power over the end PtK 2 p. 13, 22. ἐ. ἐπὶ τ. πληγάς control over the plagues Rv 16:9. Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; B 2:1.—The power that comes fr. God can involve transcendent knowledge, and both may be expressed by ἐ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 13; 14; 32). So his hearers conclude fr. Jesus’ teaching that he must have ἐ. (i.e. it is not necessary for him to first ask what the traditional practice or interpretation requires) Mk 1:22 (‘license’ of a Jewish teacher L-S-J-M Suppl., ’68; against this AArgyle, ET 80, ’68/69, 343); cp. Mt 7:29 (Rtzst., Poim. 48, 3, Mysterienrel.3 302; 363; JStarr, HTR 23, 1930, 302–5; HWindisch, Pls. u. Christus ’34, 151ff; DDaube, JTS 39, ’38, 45–59; HFlowers, ET 66, ’55, 254 [‘like a king’]; DHudson, ET 67, ’55/56, 17; JCoutts, JTS 8, ’57, 111–18 [Jesus and the 12]). The prep. expr. κατʼ ἐξουσίαν in accordance w. knowledge and power Mk 1:27 and ἐν ἐ. Lk 4:32 belong to this classification; cp. 4:36. The close relation of ἐ. w. ‘gnosis’ and teaching also B 18:1.—But it is not always possible to draw a hard and fast line betw. this sense and③ the right to control or command, authority, absolute power, warrant (Sextus 36: the πιστός has ἐ. fr. God) ἐ. καὶ ἐπιτροπή (cp. Ps.-Pla., Defin. p. 415c ἐξουσία, ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου) authority and commission Ac 26:12. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς; by whose authority are you doing this? Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8. ἐ. διδόναι τινί put someone in charge (Diod S 13, 36, 2; 14, 81, 6; cp. Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 6 P.; En 9:7; TestJob 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 90; 20, 193) Mk 13:34; PtK 2 p. 14, 13. οἷς ἔδωκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἐ. to whom he gave rights over the Gospel (for its proclamation) B 8:3. ὅτι τὸ ἄρχειν ἐξουσίας ἐστίν that ruling depends on authority 6:18. Of apostolic authority 2 Cor 10:8; 13:10; ISm 4:1. Of Jesus’ total authority Mt 28:18 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Da 7:14; DStanley, CBQ 29, ’67, 555–73); Hs 5, 6, 1. W. gen. of the one who has authority ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ Rv 12:10 (Just., A I, 40, 7). W. gen. of that over which the authority is exercised (Diod S 2, 27, 3; IDefixWünsch 4, 21; Ps 135:8, 9; Wsd 10:14; Sir 17:2; Jos., Vi. 190) ἐ. πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων over the unclean spirits Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; cp. J 17:2; Hm 4, 3, 5; PtK 2 p. 14, 13; 1 Cl 61:2; ISm 4:1; τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Hs 8, 3, 3. Also ἐπί w. acc. (cp. Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; cp. Rv 6:8; 13:7. Likew. ἐπί w. gen. (cp. Da 3:97) Rv 2:26; 11:6b; 14:18. παρά τινος (also ἀπό τινος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 56) indicates the source of the authority (s. παρά A3b) Ac 9:14; 26:10; Hs 5, 6, 4 (restored from the Lat.; ἐ. λαμβάνειν as Diod S 11, 42, 6; TestJob 8:2f; 16:4; Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 4 P.) and κατά τινος the one against whom it is directed (TestJob 16:2 κατʼ ἐμοῦ; 8:2 κατὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων μου ‘over my possessions’; Sb 8316, 6f κύριε Σάραπι δὸς αὐτῷ κατεξουσίαν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 43, 25) J 19:11 (HvCampenhausen, TLZ 73, ’48, 387–92); B 4:13. W. pres. inf. foll. (cp. X., Mem. 2, 6, 24 and 35; Diod S 12, 75, 4; 1 Macc 10:35; 11:58; Jos., Ant. 4, 247) Mt 9:6; Mk 2:10; Lk 5:24; J 5:27. W. aor. inf. foll. (Jdth 8:15; 1 Esdr 8:22; 1 Macc 1:13) 19:10. Foll. by gen. of the pres. inf. (4 Macc 5:15) Hm 12, 4, 2.—RDillon, ‘As One Having Authority’ (Mark 1:22): CBQ 57, ’95, 92–113.④ power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office, ruling power, official power (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 135b al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 140, Vi. 80) ἐ. ὡς βασιλεύς Rv 17:12f (Diod S 2, 45, 1 βασιλικὴν ἐ. ἔχειν; 14, 32, 5 ἐ. λαμβάνειν); ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος Lk 20:20; cp. J 19:10f, s. 3 above. ἐ. ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων Lk 19:17. ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος a man under authority 7:8 (MFrost, ET 45, ’34, 477f); cp. Mt 8:9; Hs 1:3.—The power of a particular office (Diod S 1, 70, 1; 14, 113, 6 ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐξουσία; Plut., Mar. 406 [2, 1], Caes. 734 [58, 1]) ἐπαρχικὴ ἐ. the power of prefect Phlm subscr.ⓐ human authorities, officials, government (Dionys. Hal. 8, 44; 11, 32; POxy 261, 15) Lk 12:11 (here and elsewh. in NT w. ἀρχή, as also in Pla.); Ro 13:1, 2, 3 (with 13:1b cp. the express. ‘ancient saying’ [s. Hes., Theogony 96 ἐκ δὲ Διὸς βασιλῆες. On this HFränkel, Dichtung u. Philos. des frühen Griechentums ’62, 111 n. 6] in Artem. 2, 36 p. 135, 24; 2, 69 p. 161, 17 τὸ κρατοῦν δύναμιν ἔχει θεοῦ=the ruling power has its authority from God; Wsd 6:3; Jos., Bell. 2, 140 οὐ δίχα θεοῦ περιγενέσθαι τινὶ τὸ ἄρχειν … ἐξουσίαν); Tit 3:1. For the view that the ἐ. of Ro 13 are spirit powers, as b below, s. OCullmann, Christ and Time (tr. Filson) ’50, 191–210.—On the subj. in gener. s. LGaugusch, D. Staatslehre d. Ap. Pls nach Ro 13: ThGl 5, ’34, 529–50; JUitman, Onder Eig. Vaandel 15, ’40, 102–21; HvCampenhausen, ABertholet Festschr. ’50, 97–113; OCullmann, Zur neuesten Diskussion über die ἐξουσίαι in Rö 13:1: TZ 10, ’54, 321–36, D. Staat im NT ’612 (Eng. tr.: The State in the NT ’56, 93–114); against him AStrobel, ZNW 47, ’56, 67–93.—GCaird, Princip. and Powers ’56; RMorgenthaler TZ 12, ’56, 289–304; CMorrison, The Powers That Be ’60; EBarnikol, Rö 13. Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung v. Rö 13:1–7 ’61, 65–133; HSchlier, Principalities and Powers in the NT ’61 (Eng. tr.); MBorg, NTS 19, ’72/73, 205–18. οἱ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίαν ἀχθέντες those who are brought before the authorities Hs 9, 28, 4.ⓑ of transcendent rulers and functionaries: powers of the spirit world (TestLevi 3:8; TestSol 20:15 B), sg. (w. ἀρχή and δύναμις) 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; Col 2:10. Pl. (w. ἀρχαί as Just., D. 41, 1; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 22) Eph 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:15; (w. ἄγγελοι, δυνάμεις) 1 Pt 3:22. Cp. the v.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).⑥ the sphere in which power is exercised, domain (4 Km 20:13; Ps 113:2) Lk 4:6. ἐκ τ. ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου ἐστίν he comes fr. Herod’s jurisdiction 23:7. ἐ. τοῦ σκότους domain of darkness 22:53; Col 1:13 (opp. the βασιλεία of Christ). Hence ἐ. τοῦ ἀέρος simply domain of the air Eph 2:2; s. ἀήρ 2b.⑦ Various opinions are held about the mng. of 1 Cor 11:10 ὀφείλει ἡ γυνὴ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. Many now understand it as a means of exercising power (cp. δύναμις 1b.—It is abstract for concrete, as βασιλεία [1] in Diod S 1, 47, 5: a stone figure ἔχουσα τρεῖς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς=that wears three symbols of royal power [diadems] on its head), that is to say, the veil (κάλυμμα is v.l. for ἐ. here; s. critical apparatus in N.) by which women at prayer (when they draw near to the heavenly realm) protect themselves fr. the amorous glances of certain angels. But the veil may also have been simply a symbol of womanly dignity, esp. befitting a Christian woman, and esp. in the presence of holy angels (s. Cadbury below).—WWeber, ZWT 46, 1903, 487–99; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 12–23 al.; EFehrle, Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum1910, 39; RPerdelwitz, StKr 86, 1913, 611–13; LBrun, ZNW 14, 1913, 298–308; GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 17ff; Billerb. III 423–35; KBornhäuser, NKZ 41, 1930, 475–88; WFoerster, ZNW 30, ’31, 185f; MGinsburger, RHPR 12, ’32, 245–47; OMotta, ET 44, ’33, 139–41; CSpicq, RB 48, ’39, 557–62; EBlakeney, ET 55, ’44, 138; SLösch, TQ 127, ’47, 216–61; JFitzmyer, NTS 3, ’57, 48–58; HCadbury, HTR 51, ’58, 1f (Qumran parallels); MHooker, NTS 10, ’64, 410–16; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the NT ’65, 176–81; GSchwartz, ZNW 70, ’79, 249 (Aramaic background).—LCerfaux et JTondriau, Un Concurrent du Christianisme, ’57. S. on ἄγγελος 2c.—V.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).—DELG s.v. εἰμί. New Docs 2, 83f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
13 Lage
f; -, -n1. räumlich: position (auch des Körpers); eines Gebäudes etc.: auch situation, location; genauer: site; Haus in schöner Lage beautifully situated; in höheren Lagen on high ground, higher up3. fig. (Lebenslage etc.) situation; (Umstände) auch circumstances Pl.; meist unbefriedigend: state of affairs; (Zustand) condition, state; rechtliche Lage legal position; wirtschaftliche / finanzielle Lage economic / financial situation; in allen Lagen in any situation; nach Lage der Dinge as matters stand; die Lage der Dinge erfordert es, dass er zurücktritt the situation calls for his resignation; ( nicht) in der Lage sein zu (+ Inf.) (not) be in a position to (+ Inf.), be (un)able to (+ Inf.) jemanden in die Lage versetzen zu (+ Inf.) enable s.o. to (+ Inf.), make it possible for s.o. to (+ Inf.) in der glücklichen Lage sein zu (+ Inf.) be in the fortunate position ( oder be fortunate enough) to (be able to) (+ Inf.) ich bin nicht in der Lage zu (+ Inf.) I’m in no position to (+ Inf.) in derselben Lage sein auch be in the same boat; versetzen Sie sich in meine Lage put yourself in my place ( oder position); wenn ich in deiner Lage wäre if I were you, (if I were) in your position; in einer unangenehmen / unglücklichen Lage sein be in an unpleasant / unfortunate position ( oder situation); Herr der Lage sein / bleiben be / remain in control of the situation ( oder of things); wie ist die Lage? umg. how are things?, how’s it going? peilen I4. (Schicht) layer; GEOL. auch stratum; im Stapel: tier; TECH., von Werkstoff: ply; Farbe: coat; von Wurst etc.: layer5. Buchwesen, von Papier: quire* * *die Lage(Buchbinderei) quire;(Position) site; locality; position;(Schicht) layer;(Situation) situation* * *La|ge ['laːgə]f -, -nin günstiger Láge — well-situated
eine gute/ruhige Láge haben — to be in a good/quiet location
in höheren Lágen Schneefall — snow on higher ground
2) (= Art des Liegens) positioneine bequeme Láge haben, sich in einer bequemen Láge befinden — to be lying comfortably, to be (lying) in a comfortable position
3) (= Situation) situationin der Láge sein, etw zu tun (befähigt sein) — to be able to do sth, to be capable of doing sth
dazu bin ich nicht in der Láge — I'm not in a position to do that
er wird wohl nie in die Láge kommen, das zu tun — he'll never be in a position to do it
in der glücklichen/beneidenswerten Láge sein, etw zu tun — to be in the happy/enviable position of doing sth
Herr der Láge sein/bleiben — to be/remain master of or in control of the situation
nach Láge der Dinge — as things stand
die Láge der Dinge erfordert es, dass... — the situation requires that...
See:→ peilen4) (= Schicht) layerenge/weite Láge — close/open harmony
6) (= Runde) round* * *die1) (a side of a building etc or the direction it faces in.) aspect2) (location, place on a map etc; The island's bearings are 10° North, 24° West.) bearings3) (a thickness or covering: The ground was covered with a layer of snow; There was a layer of clay a few feet under the ground.) layer4) (a place or situation: The house is in a beautiful position.) position5) (the place where anything stands or lies: The house has a beautiful situation beside a lake.) situation* * *La·ge<-, -n>[ˈla:gə]f1. (landschaftliche Position) location, situationin bestimmter \Lage in a certain location2. (Liegeposition) position3. (Situation) situationfinanzielle \Lage financial situationjdn in die \Lage versetzen, etw zu tun to enable sb to do sth4. (Schicht) layereine \Lage Bier ausgeben to buy a round of beer* * *die; Lage, Lagen1) situation; locationeine gute Lage haben — be peacefully/well situated; be in a good/peaceful location
in höheren/tieferen Lagen — (Met.) on high/low ground
2) (Art des Liegens) positionjetzt habe ich eine bequeme Lage — now I'm lying comfortably; now I'm [lying] in a comfortable position
3) (Situation) situationer war nicht in der Lage, das zu tun — he was not in a position to do that
nach Lage der Dinge — as matters stand/stood
die Lage peilen od. spannen — (ugs.) see how the land lies; find out the lie of the land; s. auch Herr
4) meist Pl. (Schwimmen)die 400 m Lagen — the 400 m. individual medley
die 4×100 m Lagen — the 4×100 m. medley relay
5) (Schicht) layer6) (StimmLage) register7) (ugs.): (Runde) roundeine Lage ausgeben (ugs.) od. schmeißen — (salopp) get or stand a round
* * *1. räumlich: position (auch des Körpers); eines Gebäudes etc: auch situation, location; genauer: site;in schöner Lage beautifully situated;in höheren Lagen on high ground, higher up3. fig (Lebenslage etc) situation; (Umstände) auch circumstances pl; meist unbefriedigend: state of affairs; (Zustand) condition, state;rechtliche Lage legal position;wirtschaftliche/finanzielle Lage economic/financial situation;in allen Lagen in any situation;nach Lage der Dinge as matters stand;die Lage der Dinge erfordert es, dass er zurücktritt the situation calls for his resignation;in der glücklichen Lage sein zu (+inf) be in the fortunate position ( oder be fortunate enough) to (be able to) (+inf)in derselben Lage sein auch be in the same boat;versetzen Sie sich in meine Lage put yourself in my place ( oder position);wenn ich in deiner Lage wäre if I were you, (if I were) in your position;in einer unangenehmen/unglücklichen Lage sein be in an unpleasant/unfortunate position ( oder situation);Herr der Lage sein/bleiben be/remain in control of the situation ( oder of things);4. (Schicht) layer; GEOL auch stratum; im Stapel: tier; TECH, von Werkstoff: ply; Farbe: coat; von Wurst etc: layer5. Buchwesen, von Papier: quiredie höheren Lagen the upper registers6.* * *die; Lage, Lagen1) situation; locationeine gute Lage haben — be peacefully/well situated; be in a good/peaceful location
in höheren/tieferen Lagen — (Met.) on high/low ground
2) (Art des Liegens) positionjetzt habe ich eine bequeme Lage — now I'm lying comfortably; now I'm [lying] in a comfortable position
3) (Situation) situationer war nicht in der Lage, das zu tun — he was not in a position to do that
nach Lage der Dinge — as matters stand/stood
die Lage peilen od. spannen — (ugs.) see how the land lies; find out the lie of the land; s. auch Herr
4) meist Pl. (Schwimmen)die 400 m Lagen — the 400 m. individual medley
die 4×100 m Lagen — the 4×100 m. medley relay
5) (Schicht) layer6) (StimmLage) register7) (ugs.): (Runde) roundeine Lage ausgeben (ugs.) od. schmeißen — (salopp) get or stand a round
* * *-n f.coat n.layer n.ply n.position n.posture n.site n.situation n. -
14 Belling, Charles Reginald
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, Englandd. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise[br]English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.[br]Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.[br]Further Reading1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, Butterworth.G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).DYBiographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald
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15 Konten
Konten npl BANK, FIN, RW accounts • Konten abstimmen RW agree accounts, reconcile accounts • Konten frisieren RW (infrml; BE) fiddle the balance, cook the books* * *npl <Bank, Finanz, Rechnung> accounts ■ Konten abstimmen < Rechnung> agree accounts, reconcile accounts* * *Konten
überprüfen to control (audit, check) accounts
ablesen, Konten
to call over accounts.
Konten, nicht abgerechnete
open accounts;
• debitorische Konten account having a debit balance, accounts receivable (US);
• ungenügend gedeckte Konten overextended accounts (US);
• sorgfältig geführte Konten straight accounts;
• interne Konten intercompany accounts;
• kreditorische Konten accounts having a credit balance, accounts payable (US);
• laufende Konten current accounts, demand deposits (US);
• tote (unbewegte) Konten dead accounts;
• zedierte Konten assigned accounts;
• zweifelhafte Konten doubtful accounts;
• Konten zwecks späterer Gutschrift deferred accounts;
• Konten von Kapitalsammelstellen institutional accounts;
• Konten von Organgesellschaften intercompany accounts;
• Konten ablesen to call over accounts;
• Konten abrechnen to square accounts;
• Konten nach ihrer Fälligkeit aufgliedern to age accounts;
• Konten ausgleichen to equalize (square) accounts;
• Konten in Ordnung bringen to adjust (pipe-clay) accounts;
• seine Konten in Ordnung bringen to get one’s accounts square;
• Konten wieder in Ordnung (Übereinstimmung) bringen to readjust accounts;
• Konten auf den neuesten Stand bringen to bring accounts up to date, to post accounts;
• gesperrte Konten freigeben to release blocked accounts;
• Konten frisieren to juggle the accounts;
• Konten glattstellen to settle (adjust) accounts;
• Konten prüfen to audit accounts;
• Konten sperren to block accounts;
• Konten überprüfen (überwachen) to audit (control) accounts;
• alle Konten auf den Euro umstellen to switch over all accounts to euro;
• Konten kostenfrei in Euro-Konten umwandeln to convert accounts into euros at no charge;
• Konten verschleiern to cook accounts;
• Konten zusammenlegen to merge (pool) accounts;
• Kontenabgleichung balancing of accounts;
• Kontenabrechnung settlement of accounts;
• Kontenabstimmung squaring (adjustment, agreement, reconciliation) of accounts, accounting equation;
• monatliche Kontenabstimmung monthly reconciliation;
• Kontenabweichung discrepancy between two accounts;
• Kontenanalyse account analysis;
• Kontenaufgliederung account classification (dissection, analysis), breakdown (US) (dissection, Br.) of accounts;
• Kontenausgleich squaring of accounts, fan-out;
• Kontenbearbeiter accounts supervisor;
• Kontenberechnung computation of accounts;
• Kontenbewegung changes in accounts;
• Kontenbewertung appreciation of accounts;
• Kontenblatt accounting form;
• Kontendotierung allocation of accounts;
• Konteneinlagen account deposits;
• Konteneinteilung classification of accounts;
• automatische Kontenerhöhungen bank accruals;
• Kontenfälschung manipulation (falsification) of accounts;
• Kontenfreigabe release of blocked accounts;
• Kontenführung accounting, accountancy, bookkeeping;
• bei der Kontenführung Unregelmäßigkeiten begehen to tamper with (cook) the accounts;
• Kontenglattstellung adjustment (squaring) of accounts;
• Kontengliederung classification of accounts;
• Kontengruppe group of accounts;
• Konteninhaber holder of a [banking] account, account holder, depositor, customer [of a bank];
• Kontenplan chart (schedule) of accounts;
• Kontenrahmen standard chart (frame) of accounts, accounting plan;
• funktionale Kontenrechnung functional accounting;
• Kontenregulierung adjustment (squaring) of accounts. -
16 исследование
. ведутся исследования с целью; вести исследования; для научных исследований в области монокристаллов; изучение; область исследований; обширные исследования; проводить исследования; широкие исследования•Every research group involved in elucidation of molecular structure must...
•Some of earlier inquiries into this topic demonstrated that...
•Explorations into the replication of...
•We undertook an extensive investigation into videohead operation.
•An investigation of the effects of pressure...
•A fundamental investigation on irreversible hydrogen embrittlement has been undertaken.
•Research in building materials...
•Research into wood pulp production...
•The pressure of war stimulated research on agents suitable for the control of infectious diseases.
•Several studies on the infrared dichroism of oriented cellulose have been made.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исследование
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17 nicht abgerechnete
Konten, nicht abgerechnete
open accounts;
• debitorische Konten account having a debit balance, accounts receivable (US);
• ungenügend gedeckte Konten overextended accounts (US);
• sorgfältig geführte Konten straight accounts;
• interne Konten intercompany accounts;
• kreditorische Konten accounts having a credit balance, accounts payable (US);
• laufende Konten current accounts, demand deposits (US);
• tote (unbewegte) Konten dead accounts;
• zedierte Konten assigned accounts;
• zweifelhafte Konten doubtful accounts;
• Konten zwecks späterer Gutschrift deferred accounts;
• Konten von Kapitalsammelstellen institutional accounts;
• Konten von Organgesellschaften intercompany accounts;
• Konten ablesen to call over accounts;
• Konten abrechnen to square accounts;
• Konten nach ihrer Fälligkeit aufgliedern to age accounts;
• Konten ausgleichen to equalize (square) accounts;
• Konten in Ordnung bringen to adjust (pipe-clay) accounts;
• seine Konten in Ordnung bringen to get one’s accounts square;
• Konten wieder in Ordnung (Übereinstimmung) bringen to readjust accounts;
• Konten auf den neuesten Stand bringen to bring accounts up to date, to post accounts;
• gesperrte Konten freigeben to release blocked accounts;
• Konten frisieren to juggle the accounts;
• Konten glattstellen to settle (adjust) accounts;
• Konten prüfen to audit accounts;
• Konten sperren to block accounts;
• Konten überprüfen (überwachen) to audit (control) accounts;
• alle Konten auf den Euro umstellen to switch over all accounts to euro;
• Konten kostenfrei in Euro-Konten umwandeln to convert accounts into euros at no charge;
• Konten verschleiern to cook accounts;
• Konten zusammenlegen to merge (pool) accounts;
• Kontenabgleichung balancing of accounts;
• Kontenabrechnung settlement of accounts;
• Kontenabstimmung squaring (adjustment, agreement, reconciliation) of accounts, accounting equation;
• monatliche Kontenabstimmung monthly reconciliation;
• Kontenabweichung discrepancy between two accounts;
• Kontenanalyse account analysis;
• Kontenaufgliederung account classification (dissection, analysis), breakdown (US) (dissection, Br.) of accounts;
• Kontenausgleich squaring of accounts, fan-out;
• Kontenbearbeiter accounts supervisor;
• Kontenberechnung computation of accounts;
• Kontenbewegung changes in accounts;
• Kontenbewertung appreciation of accounts;
• Kontenblatt accounting form;
• Kontendotierung allocation of accounts;
• Konteneinlagen account deposits;
• Konteneinteilung classification of accounts;
• automatische Kontenerhöhungen bank accruals;
• Kontenfälschung manipulation (falsification) of accounts;
• Kontenfreigabe release of blocked accounts;
• Kontenführung accounting, accountancy, bookkeeping;
• bei der Kontenführung Unregelmäßigkeiten begehen to tamper with (cook) the accounts;
• Kontenglattstellung adjustment (squaring) of accounts;
• Kontengliederung classification of accounts;
• Kontengruppe group of accounts;
• Konteninhaber holder of a [banking] account, account holder, depositor, customer [of a bank];
• Kontenplan chart (schedule) of accounts;
• Kontenrahmen standard chart (frame) of accounts, accounting plan;
• funktionale Kontenrechnung functional accounting;
• Kontenregulierung adjustment (squaring) of accounts. -
18 campo
"field;Bereich;Feld;campo"* * *m fieldcampo giochi playgroundcampo di golf golf coursecampo di calcio football or soccer pitchcampo di concentramento concentration campcampo da tennis tennis courtcampo di ricerche area of researchcampo sportivo sports groundcampo profughi refugee camp* * *campo s.m.1 field: campo di grano, cornfield; campo arato, ploughed field (o field that has been ploughed); campo seminato, sown (o sowed) field; campi e prati, fields and meadows; campo di neve, snowfield2 (mil.) field; ( accampamento) camp: campo di battaglia, battlefield; aiutante di campo, aide-de-camp; artiglieria da campo, field artillery; lettino da campo, camp bed; ospedale da campo, field hospital; fu decorato di medaglia sul campo, he was awarded a medal on the field; morì sul campo, he died in battle (o in action); essere al campo, to camp; levare il campo, to break camp // in campo aperto, in the open (field) // prendere campo, to take on (o to spread) // scendere in campo, to enter the field (o to come into action); mettere in campo, ( schierare) to put into the field; (fig.) ( accampare) to put forward: mettere in campo delle scuse, to put forward excuses // rimanere padrone del campo, to be in possession of the field; (fig.) to be master of the situation // avere il campo libero, to have a free hand // dare, avere campo di fare qlco., (non com.) to give s.o., to have the scope to do sthg. // campo profughi, refugee camp4 (sport) field, pitch: campo di calcio, football field (o pitch); campo delle corse, racecourse (o racetrack); campo di gioco, playground; campo di golf, golf course (o links); campo sportivo, sports (o athletics) ground; campo di tennis, tennis court; campi di sci, ski-runs (o ski slopes)5 (scient.) field: campo aurifero, gold field; campo petrolifero, oilfield // (fis.): campo angolare, angle of view; campo visivo, field of vision; campo elettrico, electric field; campo elettrostatico, electrostatic field; campo magnetico, magnetic field; campo rotante, rotating field; campo gravitazionale, gravity field // (rad.) campo d'onda, wave band // non c'è campo, ( al cellulare), there's no line // (mat.): campo vettoriale, vector field; campo dei numeri reali, razionali, field of real numbers (o real field), field of rational numbers (o rational field)6 (fig.) (sfera di attività, di conoscenza) field, sphere, sector: è un'autorità nel suo campo, he is an authority in his own field; il campo dell'elettronica, the electronics field; il campo dell'economia, the field of economics; campo di attività di un'impresa, a firm's range of activities; ciò non rientra nel mio campo d'affari, that's not my line of business // ricerca sul campo, research in the field (o sector)7 (inform.) field: campo di controllo, di stampa, control, printing field; campo dei dati, data field; campo di variabilità, range; campo di indirizzo, address part; portion; address field ( di un'istruzione)9 (pitt.) background.* * *['kampo]1. sm1) (gen) Agr, Fis fieldla vita dei campi — life in the country, country life
a tutto campo Sport — attacking and defending, fig, (colloqui, inchiesta) open-ended
campo ostacoli Equitazione — jumping arena
campo in terra battuta Tennis — clay court
3) Mil field, battlefield, (accampamento) campscendere in campo (anche) fig — to enter the field, join the fray
4) (pittura) background, Araldica field2.* * *['kampo]sostantivo maschile1) (terreno coltivabile) fieldcampo di grano — wheat field, cornfield BE
2) (accampamento) camp (anche mil.)levare il campo — to break o strike camp
3) mil. (luogo di operazioni) field4) (prigione)5) sport (terreno di gioco) ground; (da calcio, rugby) pitch, field; (da tennis, pallacanestro) court; (da golf) (golf) coursescendere in campo — to take to the field; fig. pol. to enter the lists
avere campo libero — fig. to have a free hand
lasciare il campo libero a qcn. — fig. to give sb. a clear run
6) (ambito) field, area, domaincampo di ricerca — research field, field of research
7) cinem. telev.fuori campo — [ personaggio] off-screen
voce fuori campo — voice-over, off-screen voice
8) fis. mat. inform. field•campo base — base camp (anche fig.)
campo di battaglia — battlefield (anche fig.)
campo minato — minefield (anche fig.)
campo sportivo — sports ground o field
* * *campo/'kampo/sostantivo m.1 (terreno coltivabile) field; campo di grano wheat field, cornfield BE; fiori di campo wild flowers3 mil. (luogo di operazioni) field; ospedale da campo field hospital; letto da campo camp bed; tenere il campo to hold the field; cadere sul campo to die in the field4 (prigione) campo di prigionia prison camp5 sport (terreno di gioco) ground; (da calcio, rugby) pitch, field; (da tennis, pallacanestro) court; (da golf) (golf) course; cambiare campo to change ends; abbandonare il campo to abandon the match; scendere in campo to take to the field; fig. pol. to enter the lists; avere campo libero fig. to have a free hand; lasciare il campo libero a qcn. fig. to give sb. a clear run6 (ambito) field, area, domain; campo di ricerca research field, field of research; lavora nel campo delle assicurazioni he is in the insurance business; questo non è il mio campo that's not my field7 cinem. telev. fuori campo [ personaggio] off-screen; voce fuori campo voice-over, off-screen voice8 fis. mat. inform. fieldcampo d'aviazione airfield; campo base base camp (anche fig.); campo di battaglia battlefield (anche fig.); campo di concentramento concentration camp; campo di forza field of force; campo gravitazionale gravitational field; campo di lavoro labour camp; campo magnetico magnetic field; campo minato minefield (anche fig.); campo petrolifero oil field; campo profughi refugee camp; campo sportivo sports ground o field; campo di sterminio death camp; campo di tiro field of fire; campo visivo visual field; campo di volo airfield. -
19 исследование
. ведутся исследования с целью; вести исследования; для научных исследований в области монокристаллов; изучение; область исследований; обширные исследования; проводить исследования; широкие исследования•Every research group involved in elucidation of molecular structure must...
•Some of earlier inquiries into this topic demonstrated that...
•Explorations into the replication of...
•We undertook an extensive investigation into videohead operation.
•An investigation of the effects of pressure...
•A fundamental investigation on irreversible hydrogen embrittlement has been undertaken.
•Research in building materials...
•Research into wood pulp production...
•The pressure of war stimulated research on agents suitable for the control of infectious diseases.
•Several studies on the infrared dichroism of oriented cellulose have been made.
* * *Исследование -- investigation, research, study; analysis, examination (математическое); search (поиск)—в настоящем исследовании внимание сосредоточено на—распространение исследования наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исследование
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20 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD
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